Martin Luther refers to the Pope as the Antichrist and tells Georg Spalatin of the student unrest in Wittenberg, Wittenberg, February 24, 1520
While working in Wittenberg, Martin Luther engaged in very active written correspondence with his friend and adviser Georg Spalatin. They exchanged opinions regarding printed matter, recent works and projects, discussed personnel decisions at the university and in other church institutions, and kept each other up to date on the latest happenings in the city, the surrounding areas, and their personal environments. Three substantive issues were of particular importance in the present letter:
First, Luther addressed the uproar surrounding his Lord’s Supper sermon, in which he had preached about repentance, baptism, and the Lord’s Supper. After Luther published this sermon in the fall of 1519, Duke George of Saxony was outraged and formulated a letter of complaint to the Elector Frederick the Wise, Luther’s rightful sovereign, who he hoped would duly admonish Luther concerning his tract. At the same time, Duke George called upon the bishops of Meissen and Merseburg to take action against said document. In this context, the bishop of Meissen, John VII of Schleinitz (around 1470-1537), forbade the distribution of the sermon in his diocese. As he enforced this through his officialate in Stolpen, it was also called “Stolpen Schedula” or “Stolpen Decree”. Amid this volatile situation, Luther, in his impetuous manner, published a response in mid-February and thus triggered new conflicts. Simultaneously, however, he was encouraged to act in the service of the Elector and thus obliged to pursue a policy of conciliation towards the bishops. This he accomplished through the above letter, which he sent on February 20 and the clean copy of which was written by Johann Schwertfeger.
Lorenzo Valla’s seminal work on the so-called Donation of Constantine made a real impact among the critics of the papacy, since Valla was able to prove through critical analysis of the sources that the founding document of the Papal States in central Italy was a fake. For Luther, Valla’s treatise was a key document substantiating a suspicion that he had found increasingly concerning: In Luther’s eyes, the Pope himself was the Antichrist expected on Earth. The concept of the Antichrist was based on the prophecies in the Old and New Testaments, in which the Antichrist appears as the eschatological enemy of God, who during the last days of humanity would lead Christians astray through lies and false teachings. The idea of the impending apocalypse was firmly rooted in the faith of the 15th and 16th centuries. People invoked the imminent arrival of the Antichrist on Earth in the form of terrible disasters or prophecies. What was new in Luther’s thoughts, however, was that he now explicitly projected the ubiquitous notion of the Antichrist onto the Pope. His suspicion that the Pope might be the Antichrist first arose in the course of the proceedings against him in 1518 and during the Leipzig Disputation in 1519. Initially, he used this polemic only in private letters and conversations and understood it as a warning to the Holy See to take the much deplored ecclesiastical grievances seriously. A crucial process of rethinking his theory began in 1520 with precisely this letter: Now Luther could no longer deny that his fear was indeed a reality, since all actions, corruptions, arbitrary laws, and falsely conveyed beliefs of the Pope were indicative of its truth. From now on, Luther also advocated this idea publicly in his works and hoped to deter believers from what he considered to be the corrupt papal church and to instead lead them to the path of true faith.
Finally, he addressed the student unrests in Wittenberg, which in February 1520 threatened to do permanent damage to law and order in the town of Wittenberg. The riots mainly took place between the students and those students, assistants, and workers belonging to the workshop of Lucas Cranach the Elder, who are referred to here as “painters,” although the exact cause of the dispute can no longer be traced. There were two main reasons for the conflict: first, the rapid spread of the Reformation, whose main initial drivers, the students of the Leucorea, exhibited an increasing propensity towards violence, and secondly, the fact that the year 1520 was the year with the highest number of enrollments at University of Wittenberg. Consequently, too many people crowded into the limited space that the city had to offer within much too short a time. This gave rise to great resentment and put considerable strain on the law and order in the town. It was typical of Luther’s argumentation that he classified the emerging unrest as the devil’s work. Elector Frederick the Wise responded to the clashes with a weapons ban, which applied equally to students and citizens alike. The ordinance threatened offenders with fines and imposed a curfew that everyone was obliged to respect. Luther criticized this approach because he believed the electoral peacemaking attempts were more likely to add fuel to the situation than to nip it in the bud. Indeed, he was to be proven right. The conflict spread to a much larger part of the population and reached its peak in the summer of 1520.