In pre-modern linguistic usage, the German word “Zucht” (discipline) meant education / discipline / sanctioning of misconduct / modesty. This includes the word “Kirchenzucht” (church discipline) for the rules of church life, which explains the title “Ordnung der christlichen Kirchenzucht für die Kirchen im Fürstentum Hessen” (Ordinance of Christian church discipline for the churches in the Principality of Hesse). The ordinance was finalized in 1538 and subsequently printed in two editions by Marburg printer Christian Egenolff, once alone (VD16 O 881) and once together with the Kassel Church Ordinance of 1539 (VD16 H 2860). That same year, Melchior Sachse the Elder reprinted it in Erfurt (VD16 H 2859).
The ordinance is divided into five titled sections (the internal structure added here goes back to Christian Zippert). First, the development of church offices is stipulated: First (1), the double function of instruction and supervision of the office of the superintendents, which had been introduced in the context of the visitations, is confirmed. Then (2), the focus is on the community level: Since the priests are overburdened with their duties, they are to receive support from a committee of “presbyteros”, a term which no longer refers to (ordained) priests as it had in the early church meaning, but rather, in line with the original meaning and in accordance with common priesthood, to the elders of each community. They are to assist the priest in his pastoral ministry as well as supervise him, defend him if he is wrongly maligned, and intervene if there are grounds for objection. The elders are to be well-respected individuals, appointed by vote. The fact that councilmen and judges, who were held in the highest regard among citizens, should be given preference, conforms to pre-modern social structures.
The responsibility of the elders is immediately (3) described in more detail through assigning them the task of instructing and solemnly accepting the children into the community (confirmation) – a task they share with the priests. They are also given a special position during the ritual, as evidenced by their being instructed to join the group of key players – priest, children, parents, and godparents.
The detailed section that follows (4) deals with the methods of correction, including exclusion from communion (ban), with the elders once again being assigned a “paternal” key role. Those who withdraw from Christian life are to be urged to return in an “inviting conversation”, but are not to be excluded from the community. By contrast, a number of – very broadly interpretable – offenses are listed that should lead to exclusion from communion: false teachings, blasphemy, “unfairness” (Unbilligkeit) toward family members or servants, rebelliousness, hostility, slander and defamation, immorality, and gluttony.
Finally (5), a number of special pastoral occasions are mentioned: baptism, communion, and illness, as well as the advocacy of the predicants against toasting, for corrupt morals and blasphemy are believed to be the root of all evil and reason for the wrath of God.
This first major church ordinance of Hesse is the result of an assembly held on November 25, 1538, in Ziegenhain in the Schwalm region. Participants included the sovereign councils and representatives from the cities, i.e. an administrative circle, as was known from the territorial estates, and the theologians listed at the end of the ordinance. Among them were the superintendents and, as Bucer states, some “fine” (Vornehme), i.e. priests who were particularly well versed in theology; three of these, Fabricius, Greser, and Pistorius, were later to become superintendents themselves. Martin Bucer was not mentioned, although he was of great significance at the meeting.
The development of the “Ziegenhain disciplinary ordinance” (Ziegenhainer Zuchtordnung) is closely related to the conflict with the Hessian Anabaptists. In 1538, Landgrave Philipp therefore brought Martin Bucer to Hesse. Bucer had already confronted the Anabaptists in Straßburg and was willing to address their concerns. From October 30 to November 3, Bucer had interrogated the Anabaptists imprisoned in Marburg and referred to the upcoming meeting in Ziegenhain in his report to the Landgrave from November 2, recommending that the order of the church (Haushaltung der Kirche), i.e. the treatment of church discipline, be addressed on this occasion. Other participants also had experience in this area: Fabricius had negotiated with Anabaptists in Münster in 1533 and in 1538, he and Geldenhauer had visited the Anabaptists imprisoned in Wolkersdorf. Church discipline addressed topics that were important to the Anabaptists: Recourse to the apostolic life of the early church (prologue), the use of the ban to punish blatant sinners, the review of teachings and lifestyle of the priests by the community or the presbyters, increased instruction of children and their solemn admission into the community after they were old enough to understand and internalize the doctrines represented theological offers, but also a clear rejection of adult baptism, so as to win back the moderate Anabaptists. These facts explain the close interrelationship between doctrine, sacraments, and discipline that distinguishes the “Ziegenhain disciplinary ordinance”.
The eldership already existed in Zurich and Basel, the idea of confirmation had been prepared during the Strasbourg reformation; however, it was conceptualized here for the first time. According to the “Ziegenhain disciplinary ordinance”, with it, those children who had already been “committed” (übergeben) to God in baptism were to be “incorporated” (einverleibt) into God and “confirmed as part of the Christian community” (zur christlichen Gemeinschaft bestätig[t werd]en), i.e. recognized as full members of the community. The following elements of confirmation are listed: (1) catechism, (2) the request to receive the holy spirit, (3) the laying on of hands, (4) the invitation to partake in communion, and (5) the commitment to uphold church discipline. The “Kassel church ordinance” (Kasseler Kirchenordnung), which was created after the “Ziegenhain disciplinary ordinance”, further describes the course of the celebration; it contains a liturgical form and the following blessing: “Receive the Holy Spirit, shelter and protection from all harm, strength and help for all that is good, from the gracious hand of God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit” (Nimm hin den Hl. Geist, Schutz und Schirm vor allem Argen, Stärk und Hilf zu allem Guten, von der gnädigen Hand Gottes des Vaters, Sohns und Hl. Geistes).
Theologically, the act of confirmation has two different roots: It united a catechetical act with a reform of the sacrament of confirmation [for the nomenclature see “Bemerkungen”]. As early as 1522, Erasmus of Rotterdam had suggested following the example of the “Bohemian Brethren” to have children publicly renew their baptismal promises following instruction in the faith. This request had also been taken up by Zwingli. It was now supplemented by the admission (lat. admissio) to first communion. The sacrament of confirmation (lat. confirmatio) had developed in the Middle Ages from the elements of baptism reserved for bishops and had been rejected by Luther in 1520, arguing that it was not based on the Bible and devalued the sacrament of baptism. The new confirmation ceremony adopted the blessing including the laying on of hands from the sacrament of confirmation, however, but this was now carried performed by the priest and no longer by the bishop. The “Kassel Church Ordinance” counted confirmation among the “sacramental ceremonies” (not sacraments!) along with marriage and ordination. This reflects the influence of the mediation theologian Bucer. In other territories, for example in the county of Waldeck bordering on Hesse, the symbolic act of the laying on of hands in particular initially aroused suspicion, as it was too reminiscent of the sacrament of confirmation.
In Kassel, church elders had already been selected at the end of 1538, but the widespread establishment of councils of elders, catechetical instruction, and confirmation, and the expansion of public education in Hesse did not take place before the 1570s. The Marburg Church Ordinance of 1566 and the order of worship of 1574 further elaborated on the ceremony of confirmation. Later it became associated with graduation and the transition into the work force. It became an important milestone, a “rite of passage” in the path of life and faith from childhood to adulthood.
Due mainly to the widely distributed Erfurt pamphlet containing the “Ziegenhain disciplinary ordinance” and the “Kassel church ordinance,” the new ceremony was quickly adopted by other territories: by Calenberg-Göttingen in 1542 and as part of the “Cologne Reformation” in 1543; from here it found its way into the Anglican “Book of Common Prayer” from 1549 onwards. Württemberg followed in 1553, Waldeck in 1556, and Electoral Palatinate in 1563. In 1821/22, the ceremony of confirmation was finally introduced throughout the entire Kingdom of Prussia, and finally in Hamburg in 1832. Since the 19th century it has been firmly rooted in German Protestant churches. The ceremony of confirmation as a “rite of passage” grew from its roots in Hesse and proved to become a true success story.