An Anabaptist movement emerged in Hesse following the Peasants' War. According to the numerous areas of communication in which the various regions of the state had a stake, this movement was subject to different forces: western Hesse was influenced by Anabaptism in the Rhine region and the Netherlands, as well as the preacher Melchior Hoffmann, eastern Hesse by Franconian, Thuringian, and Moravian elements and Melchior Rinck. The unifying elements among these inhomogenous groups were the rejection of infant baptism, the demand for a more pious life that was pleasing to God, which in turn implied a more rigid lifestyle, and their separation from the existing communities. The mandate of Landgrave Philip was a response to the actions of Melchior Rinck, who had been working as a predicant in Hersfeld since 1523. It has been passed down in a total of 15 copies, all of which have remained without address, date, and copy note, however. The whereabouts of one copy remain unknown, but on August 4, 1529 a 'previous announcement and order' is mentioned, which presumably refers to the present mandate.
The mandate argues on political grounds and does not address the theologically controversial questions. These had been mentioned at a disputation in Marburg in August 1528, during which those in attendance had failed to reach an understanding due to their differing views on the issue of baptism. The starting point is, in fact, one of political rule: The Anabaptists denounce the existing power relationship by questioning authority and refusing to share the burdens placed upon the subjects. In agreeing to encroach on the property of others in an emergency, they shook the very foundations of coexistence. If they refused to desist from this attitude, they were thus to be dismissed from the community of subjects: They were supposed to leave the country within 14 days and find another authority. It is expressly stated in this context that the sovereign was not seeking to harm them or their property; that is, they were neither to be physically punished nor were their possessions to be taken from them. Rather, a complex process was developed for the purposes of securing their assets upon their leaving the country: They were supposed to either sell them themselves or representatives of the authority would do it for them and safeguard the proceeds until they requested access to them. Alternatively, the properties were to be leased temporarily. The decisive factor is that they were not supposed to "live in the towns or in our lands and territories". Accordingly, offering them support of any kind was prohibited and deemed punishable. The allegation that the Anabaptists disregarded private property or sought a community of goods returns stereotypically in many mandates concerning the movement; the Anabaptists later interrogated in Hesse expressly rejected this allegation.
The alternative offered to the Anabaptists in Hesse by the territorial sovereignty therefore was as follows: return to the regional church or be exiled, which was considered a merciful punishment. This provision tied in with a mandate of the Zurich Council dated January 18, 1525, which was the first of a long line of regulations by the authorities used to criminalize the Anabaptists. Particularly stringent measures against them were taken in the Austrian territories of Archduke Ferdinand. In 1528/29, the proceedings were also intensified at the imperial level: A mandate issued by the imperial government in 1528 and another by the Emperor in 1529, which was included in the legislative record of the Speyer Diet, stipulated the death penalty by fire or sword: Burning was the punishment for heresy. In Protestant territories, where the ecclesiastical law had been overruled, executions were carried out exclusively by the sword. However, even here, a precise distinction was made between the political attitude of the Anabaptists, which was considered dangerous, and their belief system, which was considered heresy and blasphemy, though it was concluded that it was the responsibility of the authority to intervene with regard to both aspects. Against this background, the particularities of the measures in Hesse become apparent: They lagged far behind the approximately simultaneous imperial regulations, which expressly prohibited banishment, and the approach in other territories.
However, the mandate had little effect. In 1531, the measures were included in the Hessian Order for Servants of the Church, which now also stipulated the death penalty if those exiled returned. This suggests that the relocation policy, which for those affected meant cutting ties with their families, relatives, and neighbors, had not been highly successful. During an interrogation in Allendorf/Lumda in 1533, two Anabaptists, Jörg Schnabel and Christoph Gombert, agreed to sell their property and leave the country. In 1533, Anabaptists from the Hersfeld region, near Sorga in Hesse, were exiled; they headed for Moravia. However, there is no evidence of any large-scale migrations from Hesse, comparable to those of the Mennonites or Hutterites. In the wake of the Anabaptist kingdom of Münster (1534/35), the bloody suppression of which Landgrave Philip had helped orchestratet, as he had done with the movement of Thomas Müntzer warned against in the mandate, the topic again entered the political agenda and by 1537 the great Hessian Anabaptist Ordinance had been drafted. These regulations failed to curb the growth of the Anabaptist movement, however. Only the integrative approach proposed by Martin Bucer in Hesse the following year brought about a turning point: His dual strategy, combining the rejection of adult baptism and the strengthening of church discipline, represented a compromise that was acceptable to many – not least because the theological profile was not too sharply defined most Anabaptist followers.
Anabaptists were also persecuted in Hesse, and often subjected to severe interrogations with the use of torture and imprisoned. The treatment of the leader Melchior Rinck very clearly shows the restraint of the sovereign in administering capital punishment, however: After his arrest in the spring of 1529, Rinck was imprisoned for a short period and then banished from the state; upon his second arrest in 1531, however, he was imprisoned for life. In both cases, Elector John of Saxony had pushed for harsh punishment.
The reason for these relatively conciliatory dealings with the Anabaptists in Hesse, which were also noted by contemporaries such as Württemberg theologians in a report from 1536, lies in the great sovereignty with which Landgrave Philip formed his own judgment in all key issues of faith, and in his core belief that no one should be forced with regard to their conscience, which he also expressed in other contexts. In a letter dated May 23, 1536, he emphasized his belief that it would be wrong to kill someone for their beliefs and thereby pressure them to accept this or that faith in order to save their life. In addition, he was arguably impressed by the determination with which the Anabaptists strove to lead a life that was pleasing to God.
Was this tolerance? What is tolerance? Today, it refers to the toleration of differing beliefs in the context of religious plurality. It should be noted that this layer of meaning of the term first developed as a result of the Reformation: Luther first used the German word " tolerance" (tollerantz) in 1541; ultimately it was understood to mean the toleration of a religious minority, without sharing or fighting this minority's ideas. Nonetheless, the principle of tolerance was still virtually unknown in the 16th century. At the time, there was simply no state of mutual recognition, even between Roman Catholics and Protestants. This only developed during the early modern period on the basis of the intermediate step of establishing security through pragmatic peace-keeping dealings with each other that excluded religious divergence, and was achieved only in the 18th century. Landgrave Philipp's policy towards Anabaptists was not characterized by tolerance and certainly not by a desire for coexistence in his own territory, but rather by respect for the conscience.